Architectural and Planning Analysis of The Kafir Kala Archaeological Site in Samarkand District And Principles for its Graphical Reconstruction

Djumaqulov Fozil Uzoqovich; D. Zarifova Bahrom kizi

Authors

Djumaqulov Fozil Uzoqovich PhD in Architecture, Acting Associate Professor, Samarkand State University of Architecture and Construction, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
D. Zarifova Bahrom kizi Master’s Student, Department of History and Theory of Architecture, Samarkand State University of Architecture and Construction, Samarkand, Uzbekistan

Abstract

This article examines the architectural and planning structure, defensive system, and scientific principles for the graphical reconstruction of the entrance section of the Kafir Kala archaeological complex located in the southern part of the Samarkand oasis. The research is based on historical and archaeological sources, existing photographic materials, comparative analysis with analogous sites, and architectural reconstruction methods. Kafir Kala is interpreted not merely as a defensive structure but as a multifunctional complex that served as a strategic, administrative, and symbolic center within the urban planning system of the Samarkand region during the Sogdian period. Particular attention is given to the fortress entrance, which is evaluated as a multifunctional architectural element responsible for defense, movement control, compositional orientation, and the representation of political authority. As a result, a step-by-step scientific model for the graphical reconstruction of the Kafir Kala entrance is proposed, based on archaeological evidence, volumetric and proportional logic, material and structural compatibility, conservation ethics, and digital documentation principles.

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